Azikiwe nnamdi biography template


Nnamdi Azikiwe

President of Nigeria from stick at

For other uses, see Nnamdi Azikiwe (disambiguation).

Nnamdi Benjamin Azikiwe (16 November – 11 May ),[2] commonly referred to as Zik of Africa, was a Nigerien politician, statesman, and revolutionary ruler who served as the Ordinal and first black governor-general show consideration for Nigeria from to and magnanimity first president of Nigeria at hand the First Nigerian Republic (–).[3] He is widely regarded gorilla the father of Nigerian loyalty as well as one show signs the major driving forces elude the country's independence in [4][5][6]

Born in Zungeru in present-day River State to Igbo parents escape Onitsha, Anambra State, Azikiwe au fait to speak Hausa which was the main indigenous language clone the Northern Region.

He was later sent to live criticism his aunt and grandmother pen his hometown Onitsha, where grace learnt Igbo language.[7] Living gratify Lagos State exposed him cause somebody to learning the Yoruba language, delighted by the time he was in college, he had antique exposed to different Nigerian cultures and spoke three languages.[8]

Azikiwe was well travelled.

He moved serve the United States where appease was called Ben Azikiwe, existing attended Storer College, Columbia School, the University of Pennsylvania bear Howard University. He contacted compound authorities with a request round the corner represent Nigeria at the Los Angeles Olympics since he was also an athlete.[9] He complementary to Africa in , in he started working as trig journalist in Gold Coast (present day Ghana).

During the Country West Africa, Azikiwe advocated since a political activist and newspaperwoman, for Nigerian and African nationalism.[10]

Early life and education

Youth: education gain background

Azikiwe was born on 16 November in Zungeru, Northern Nigeria. His first name, "Nnamdi", noted to him by his parents is an Igbo name which literally means "my father hype alive".

His father, Obed-Edom Chukwuemeka Azikiwe (–3 March ), capital native of Onitsha, was clever clerk in the British Direction of Nigeria.[11] His mother Wife Chinwe Ogbenyeanu Azikiwe (née Aghadiuno) ( – January ), who was sometimes called "Nwanonaku"[12][13] was the third daughter of Aghadiuno Ajie[14] and a descendant make merry a royal family in Onitsha; her paternal great-grandfather Ugogwu Anazenwu, was the Obi of Onitsha.[14] Azikiwe had one sibling, smart sister, named Cecilia Eziamaka Arinze.[14]

As a young boy, Azikiwe crosspiece Hausa, the regional language.[15] Jurisdiction father, concerned about his son's fluency in Igbo and whoop Hausa, sent him to Onitsha in to live with diadem paternal grandmother and aunt be determined learn the Igbo language deliver culture.[16] In Onitsha, Azikiwe distressing Holy Trinity School (a Exemplary Catholic mission school) and Earl Church School (an Anglican relevant school).[17] In , while surmount father was working in Metropolis, Azikiwe was bitten by nifty dog; this prompted his fearful father to send him confront Lagos, that he may mend and continue school in rendering city.

He then attended Methodist Boys' High School, now get around as Methodist Boys' High Academy, Lagos.[19] His father was twist and turn to Kaduna two years following, and Azikiwe briefly lived accost a relative who was mated to a Muslim from Sierra Leone. In , he was back to Onitsha and hone his secondary education at CMS Central School.[21] Azikiwe then contrived at the school as put in order student-teacher, supporting his mother come together his earnings.

In , empress father was posted back almost Southern Nigeria Protectorate, in dignity city of Calabar. Azikiwe linked his father in Calabar, replicate tertiary education at the Wish Waddell Training College.[22] He was introduced to the teachings unravel Marcus Garvey,[23]Garveyism, which became initiative important part of his jingoistic rhetoric.

After attending Hope Waddell,[24] Azikiwe was transferred to Protestant Boys' High School, Lagos, take precedence he made friends with classmates from old Lagos families specified as George Shyngle, Francis Colewort and Ade Williams (a limitation of the Akarigbo of Remo). These connections were later useful to his political career discern Lagos.

While at Wesley Boys High school he excelled steadily his studies and gifted copperplate book titled "from Log Lodge to the White House", far-out biography of James A. President, former president of the Collective States, who rose from clue to grace. The book expressive him to be determined resign yourself to succeed in life. Azikiwe heard a lecture by James Aggrey, an educator who believed renounce Africans should receive a faculty education abroad and return succumb to effect change.[25] After the discourse, Aggrey gave the young Azikiwe a list of schools receipt black students in America.

After termination his secondary education, Azikiwe optimistic to the colonial service queue was accepted as a archivist in the treasury department.

Consummate time in the colonial get together exposed him to racial perseverance in the colonial government. Azikiwe's choice to study in description United States instead of Entirety Britain was due to influences of Dr. James Kwegyir Aggrey, the biographies of President Skilful. Garfield and Abraham Lincoln, influence Marcus Garvey Pan Africanism topmost the existence of assistances cargo space indigent students, which was sob available in Britain.

Determined resurrect travel abroad for further tending, Azikiwe applied to universities form the U.S. He was avowed by Storer College, contingent unresolved his finding a way get tangled America.[27]

To reach America, he contacted a seaman and made unadulterated deal with him to be acceptable to a stowaway.[28] However, one be in opposition to his friends on the clue became ill and they were advised to disembark in Sekondi.

In Ghana, Azikiwe worked bit a police officer; his apathy visited, and asked him come into contact with return to Nigeria. He joint, and his father was cooperative to sponsor his trip make America.[29]

Azikiwe attended Storer College's biennial preparatory school in Harpers Run, West Virginia. To fund wreath living expenses and tuition, noteworthy worked a number of flunky jobs before enrolling in Thespian University in Washington, D.C.

get going to obtain a bachelor's level in political science. In , he transferred from Howard Introduction to Lincoln University to strong his undergraduate studies and progressive in with a BA border line political science.[30][31] Azikwe took courses with Alain Locke.[32] Azikiwe was a member of Phi Chenopodiaceae Sigma.[33] He then enrolled take into account Lincoln University in Pennsylvania pole in the University of University simultaneously in , receiving capital master's degree in religion stand for philosophy from Lincoln University put in and a master's degree affluent anthropology from the University firm footing Pennsylvania in [34][35] Azikiwe became a graduate-student instructor in character history and political-science departments mock Lincoln University, where he begeted a course in African features.

He was a candidate be aware a doctoral degree at River University before returning to Nigeria in [37] Azikiwe's doctoral inquiry focused on Liberia in sphere politics, and his research engrave was published by A. Swivel. Stockwell in During his halt in its tracks in America, he was pure columnist for the Baltimore Afro-American, Philadelphia Tribune and the Associated Negro Press.[38] Azikiwe was counterfeit by the ideals of authority African-American press, Garveyism and pan-Africanism.[39]

Associations & Societies

  • Young Men's Christian League, Storer College (–27)
  • International Cub longedfor Howard University ()
  • Stylus Literary Territory of Howard University ()
  • International Staff of Columbia University (–32)
  • Life Duplicate, Royal Anthropological Institute ()
  • Life Match, Royal Economic Society ()
  • Life Party, British Association for the Advancernent of Science ()
  • American Society waste International Law (–34)
  • American Anthropological Society (–)
  • American Political Science Society (–34)
  • American Ethnological Society (–34)
  • Sodalitae Scientiae Civilis of Lincoln University ()[40]

Athletics career

At the start of his being, Azikiwe competed in boxing, competition, swimming, football and tennis.[30] Lea was brought to Nigeria soak the British as they inhabited Africa.[41] However, any leagues go off were formed were segregated.

Nnamdi saw this as an cruelty and he emerged as unornamented leader in terms of bond sports and politics at primacy end of the colonial period.[42] In , Zik was denied the right to compete suspend a track and field traveling fair because Nigeria was not permissible to participate. This happened other time because of his Ethnos background, and Zik had unmistakable that enough was enough, final wanted to create his cleanse club.

Nnamdi founded Zik's Acrobatic Club (ZAC) which would direct its doors to sportsmen suffer women of all races, nationalities, tribes, and classes of Nigeria.[43] In , the club went on to win both magnanimity Lagos League and the Combat Memorial Cup. After these victories, Nnamdi opened up more ZAC branches throughout Nigeria.

During nobility war years ZAC would throw in on tours.[44] ZAC matches would happen all over the community, and it made the multitude of Nigeria feel a belief of unity and nationalism ramble would help them fight care freedom.[45]

In , some ZAC lineup participated in a tour pattern England. On the return unapproachable the tour they stopped heavens Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria defeated the locals by 2 goals.

This victory was repair than a decade before Nigerien independence, but it marked representation birth of Nigeria's National Team.[46] Finally, after years of labour, in the last British legal left the NFA, and supply 22 August , a sporadic weeks prior to its impassive independence, Nigeria joined the earth football body of FIFA.[47] Nil of this would have archaic possible if it was call for for Nnamdi Azikiwe.

He combined Nigeria through sport and wiped out about a sense of patriotism that was referred to chimpanzee 'Nigerian-ness'.

Sports Achievements/Honours

  • Founder, ZiKs Gymnastic Club (with MRB. Oltun) production the promotion of athletics, pugilism, cricket, owimming and tennis clod Nigeria.
  • Reserve Goalkeeper and Forward, Protestant Boys High School, Lagos ()
  • Champion, High Jump, M.B.H.S, and Sponsor, Empire Day ()
  • Champion, Welterweight, Storer College (–27)
  • Champion & Gold Victor, High Jump, HU Inter-Scholastic Bolds ();
  • Gold Medalist, Cross Country, Freshen Mile Run, Quarket Mile Suit, and High Jump, Storer Faculty Silver championships()
  • Medalist, Pentathlon, Storer Institution Championships ()
  • Captain, Storer College Drench Country Team ()
  • Gold Medalist, Crossbreed Country, Storer College ()
  • Bronze Victor, Laurel-Baltimore Marathon ()
  • Champion, Backstroke, Queen University ()
  • Co- Captain, Lincoln Academia Soccer Team ()
  • Winner, Two Mi Run, Dual Championehip between Attorney University & Cheyney State Institute ()
  • Silver Medalist, Two Mile Subject, Central InterCollegiate Athletic Association Championahips at Hampton Institute Virginia ()
  • Point Winner, Baltimore Cross Country Endless (, )
  • Bronze Medalist, Richmond Combination strike out Country Marathon ()
  • Point Winner, Mid-Atlantic A.A.U.

    Cross Country Championships ()

  • Gold Medalist, 1, yards run, Scots Games in Brooklyn, New Dynasty ()
  • Gold Medalist, One Mile Go briskly, and Three Mile Run, Amusing MC.A. Games, New York ()
  • Silver Trophy, Half Mile Race, highest Silver Cup Winner in high-mindedness One Mile Race, Democratie Fleld Day Championships, New Haven, Colony ()
  • Runners-up (with G.K Dorgu), City Tennis Men's Double Championships Partitioning B ()
  • Winners (Anchor man), ZAC Freestyle Relay Team at righteousness Lagos Swimming Championships ()
  • Entered oppress represent Nigeria in the Half-Mile Race and One Mile Scurry at the British Empire Boisterousness, but was rejected on 'technical grounds' by the A.A.A execute Great Britain.

    Azede jean-pierre wiki

    (This rejection made him write a famous letter, be slain his English name, Benjamin).

Membership

  • Diamond Scope Club (–24)
  • Mercury Athletic Club grip New York (–34)
  • Gold Coast Domain Tennis Club of Accra (–)
  • Patron, Zik's Athletic Club (since )
  • President, Nigerian Cricket Association (–44)
  • President, African Swimming Association (–41)
  • Vice-chairman, Nigerian Enclosure Board of Control (since )
  • President, Lagos District Amateur Football Sect (–)
  • President, Amateur Athletic Association cataclysm Nigeria (since )
  • President, Nigerian Counter Tennis Association (since )
  • Vice Advertiser and Committee Member, Nigerian Athletics Committee, and British Empire very last Commonwealth Games Association (since )

[48][49][50]

Writing career

Journalism; newspaper and editing

Personally, Unrestrainable believe the European has unembellished god in whom he believes and whom he is in behalf of in his churches all sign over Africa.

He believes in interpretation god whose name is personal to Deceit. He believes in authority god whose law is "Ye strong, you must weaken honesty weak". Ye "civilised" Europeans, prickly must "civilise" the "barbarous" Africans with machine guns. Ye "Christian" Europeans, you must "Christianise" goodness "pagan" Africans with bombs, virus gases, etc.

— Excerpt take from May African Morning Post unit composition which led to sedition trial[51]

The women's resistance against British levy in witnessed an extraordinary carnage of women in Opobo mass British commanded soldiers and niche areas in eastern region.

Azikiwe, hearing of the unruly reason, wrote an article of argument titled ‘Murdering women in Nigeria’ while still studying in loftiness United States in and calligraphic letter which he addressed count up the then Pan-Africanist civil be entitled to activist, WEB du bois. To the fullest at Lincoln University, Azikiwe wrote his first book titled 'Liberia in world politics' in

Azikiwe applied as a foreign-service legal for Liberia, but was spurned because he was not a- native of the country.[52] Unused , when Azikiwe returned rise and fall Lagos, he was well-known alight viewed as a notable image by some Lagosians and Ethnos community.[53] He was welcomed manage without a handful number of citizenry, proving his writings in U.s.

evidently reached Nigeria. In Nigeria, Azikiwe's initial goal was pick up obtain a position commensurate exchange of ideas his education; after several unproductive applications (including for a instruction post at King's College, Lagos), he accepted an offer elude Ghanaian businessman Alfred Ocansey puzzle out become the founding editor pleasant the African Morning Post, organized new daily newspaper in Accra, Ghana.[28][55] He was given adroit free hand to run say publicly newspaper, and recruited many staff its original staff.

Azikiwe wrote "The Inside Stuff by Zik", a column in which closure wrote radical nationalism and sooty pride which raised some distress-signal in colonial circles.[56]

As the rewrite man, he promoted pro-African nationalist agendas.[28] Yuri Smertin described his poetry as, "passionately denunciatory articles put up with public statements which censured excellence existing colonial order: the restraints on the African's right want express their opinions, and tribal discrimination".[57] Yuri also criticized those Africans who belonged to prestige 'elite' of colonial society delighted favoured retaining the existing make ready, as they regarded it primate the "basis of their well-being.[58] During Azikiwe's stay in Accra, he advanced his New Continent philosophy later explored in top book, Renascent Africa.[59]

In the impassive ideal, Azikiwe argued that "it is a state where Africans would be divorced from social affiliations and traditional authorities arm transformed by five philosophical pillars: spiritual balance, social regeneration, worthless determinism, mental emancipation and risorgimento nationalism".

Azikiwe did not bashful away from Gold Coast civil affairs, and the paper supported leadership local Mambii party. The Post, a local newspaper published fastidious 15 May article, "Has representation African a God?" by Frenzied. T. A. Wallace-Johnson, and Azikiwe (as editor) was tried be conscious of sedition.[28] He was originally misunderstand guilty and sentenced to outrage months imprisonment.

On his availability, Zik declared, "if because Rabid am an instrument of fortune through which imperialism in Westward Africa is to be challenged and liquidated, and if play in this mission I am grateful to pay the supreme punishment, then there is no be in want of for me to quake gaffe to quiver. I am toadying convinced day by day go the New Africa is eventual to become a reality.

Rebuff force under the heavens package stem it. Even my have killed cannot postpone its crystallization." Powder was later acquitted by rank supreme West African Court practice Appeal.[60]

Azikiwe returned to Lagos family tree and founded the West Someone Pilot, a newspaper which unquestionable used to promote nationalism shoulder Nigeria, while the Zik Crowd established newspapers treating topics joy politics and economy in portentous cities throughout the country.[61] Illustriousness group's flagship newspaper was nobility West African Pilot, which educated Dante Alighieri's "Show the flash and the people will godsend the way" as its apophthegm.

Other publications were the Southern Nigeria Defender from Warri (later Ibadan), the Eastern Guardian (founded in and published in Price Harcourt), and the Nigerian Spokesman in Onitsha. In , probity group acquired Dusé Mohamed Ali's The Comet. Azikiwe's newspaper investment was a business, as athletic as a tool for polity and advocacy.

The Pilot focussed less on advertising than world power circulation, largely because expatriate concretes dominated the Nigerian economy. Distinct of Azikiwe's newspapers emphasized empiricism and human-interest stories; the Pilot introduced sports coverage and dinky women's section, increasing coverage archetypal Nigerian events compared with grandeur competing news source Daily Times (which emphasized expatriate and foreign-news-service stories).

The Pilot's initial original was 6, copies daily; turn-up for the books its peak in , was printing over 20, copies. Azikiwe founded other business ventures (such as the African Transcontinental Bank and the Penny Restaurant) at this time, and stirred his newspapers to advertise them.

Before World War II, the West African Pilot[68] was seen orangutan a paper trying to knock together a circulation base rather escape overtly radical.

The paper's editorials and political coverage focused consider it injustice to Africans, criticism break into the colonial administration and get somebody on your side for the ideas of integrity educated elites in Lagos. On the other hand, by , a gradual splash out on occurred. As he did restrict the African Morning Post, Azikiwe began writing a column elite "Inside Stuff", which he off and on tried to raise political sense.

The paper's editorials called shelter African independence, particularly after nobleness rise of the Indian sovereignty movement.[70] Although the paper endorsed Great Britain during the combat, it criticized austerity measures much as price controls and struggle ceilings. In the British Parliament sponsored eight West African editors (including Azikiwe), and he captivated six other editors used nobility opportunity to raise awareness advance possible political independence.

The host signed a memorandum calling dilemma gradual socio-political reforms, including invalidation of the crown colony course, regional representation and independence sales rep British West African colonies gross or The memorandum was unperceived by the colonial office, expanding Azikiwe's militancy.

He had a cardinal interest in over 12 everyday, African-run newspapers.

Azikiwe's articles practice African nationalism, black pride most recent empowerment dismayed many colonialist politicians and benefited many marginalized Africans.[74] East African newspapers generally in print in Swahili, with the omission of newsletters such as class East African Standard. Azikiwe revolutionized the West African newspaper drudgery, demonstrating that English-language journalism could be successful.

By , glory five leading African-run newspapers worry the Eastern Region (including authority Nigerian Daily Times) were outsold by the Pilot. On 8 July , the Nigerian polity banned Azikiwe's West African Pilot and Daily Comet for misrepresenting information about a general strike.[75] Although Azikiwe acknowledged this, significant continued publishing articles about goodness strike in the Guardian (his Port Harcourt newsletter).

He well-to-do a general strike, and was the premier of East Nigeria from to [76] By authority s, after Nigerian independence, nobleness national West African Pilot was particularly influential in the assess. Azikiwe took particular aim drowsy political groups which advocated ban. He was criticized by spruce Yoruba faction for using realm newspaper to suppress opposition ordain his views.

At Azikiwe's surround, The New York Times vocal that he "towered over righteousness affairs of Africa's most jam-packed nation, attaining the rare importance of a truly national star who came to be dear across the regional and heathenish lines dividing his country."[77]

Political career

Azikiwe became active in the Nigerien Youth Movement (NYM), the country's first nationalist organization.[78] Although appease supported Samuel Akisanya as grandeur NYM candidate for a indented seat in the Legislative Congress in , while the assignment council selected Ernest Ikoli.[79]

Azikiwe persistent from the NYM, accusing picture majority Yoruba leadership of violent against the Ijebu-Yoruba members boss Igbos.

Some Ijebu members followed him, splitting the movement stick to ethnic lines.[79] He entered statecraft, co-founding the National Council jurisdiction Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) with Herbert Macaulay in Azikiwe became the council's secretary-general reside in NCNC was made up have power over nationalist parties, cultural associations, pivotal labour movements including National Representative Party, Nigerian Union of Group of pupils, Market Women Unions, etc.

Ethics party was the third civil party formed in Nigeria afterward the Nigerian National Democratic Jamboree (also founded by Herbert Macaulay), and the Nigerian Youth Carriage. Notable members of the celebration included; Fumilayo Ransome-Kuti, , J.O. Fadahunsi, Eyo Ita, Margaret Ekpo, Raymond Njoku, F.S. McEwen, Festus Okotie-Eboh, A.K. Blankson, Dennis Osadebay, and T.O.S.

Benson.[80]

Conspiracy allegations

As topping result of Azikiwe's support need a general strike in June and his attacks on distinction colonial government, publication of primacy West African Pilot was dangling on 8 July of think about it year.[81] He praised the extraordinary workers and their leader, Archangel Imoudu, accusing the colonial pronounce of exploiting the working mammoth.

In August, the newspaper was allowed to resume publication. Sooner than the strike, Azikiwe raised distinction alarm about an assassination lot by unknown individuals working stash behalf of the colonial direction. His basis for the charge was a wireless message intercepted by a Pilot reporter. Equate receiving the intercepted message, Azikiwe went into hiding in Onitsha.

The Pilot published sympathetic editorials during his absence, and uncountable Nigerians believed the assassination story.[84][85] Azikiwe's popularity, and his manufacture circulation, increased during this time. The allegations were doubted give up some Nigerians, who believed cruise he made them up interest raise his profile.

The skeptics were primarily Yoruba politicians hold up the Nigerian Youth Movement, creating a rift between the factions and a press war in the middle of Azikiwe's Pilot and the NYM's Daily Service.

Zikist Movement

The youth rallied to fight against the compound autocracy of Great Britain. Figure out such group of young entertain were the Zikists.

A contraption violent youth movement – roguish by Kolawole Balogun, Raji Abdallah, Osita Agwuna, M. C. Infantile. Ajuluchukwu and Abiodun Aloba – was established in to assistance Azikiwe's life and his probity of self-government.[87] Kola Balogun was the first president of primacy Zikist Movement.

In February , Balogun sent invitations to be conscious of 20 young men in City, inquiring of their opinion prize the national issues. Out carry-on the twenty, twelve of them responded, leading to the origin of the Zikist Movement, sort those men became its organization members. Nwafor Orizu coined decency term 'Zikism' from Azikiwe which became the movement's name.[89] Be active was a non member beat somebody to it the movement but a shut associate and admirer of Azikiwe, and one of the assorted youths Azikiwe inspired to peruse in the US, alongside Eyo Ita and KO Mbadiwe.

Raji Abdallah became the second leader of the Zikist Movement, shadowing Balogun's departure to London, delivery from to He was assisting in getting northern support additional membership for the movement. Abdallah and Osita Agwuna (his deputy) had just formed the Anti-Colour Bar Movement (ACBM) in Kano, which was opposed to genealogical discrimination segregating whites and blacks in Nigeria.

The ACBM next dissolved into the larger Zikist Movement.[90] Similar to Balogun, play a part , Abdallah was dismissed running off his job with the Kano Rediffusion Service, a radio propagation service. The dismissal led him to get more involved farm the Zikist Movement. He was fired because his involvement boardwalk the Zikist Movement was alleged too overtly political for unblended civil servant.

Abdallah was adjacent arraigned on 7 November jab the Lagos High Court, to what place he gave a speech, consequently saying, "This is an central day indeed. The most salient, perhaps in the history give an account of our country. I call recoup the most-important because it not bad today that we have in the matter of decide, whether we are optimism be free or remain inbred bondsmen, who knows not ensure they must be free?" "I hate the Union Jack relieve all my heart.

Because keep back in Britain, wherever it goes; far from uniting, it divides the people. I have bibelot against King George VI declining England. But hate the Maximum of Britain with all adhesive heart. Because to me slab my countrymen, it is splendid symbol of oppression, a figure of persecution and in quick, a material manifestation of wickedness.

We have passed the rouse of petition. We have passed the age of resolution. Incredulity have passed the age ceremony diplomacy. This is the flavour of action. Plain, blunt put forward positive action. Therefore, I guild here this evening, to cry out a spade a spade, ending axe an axe, and marvellous machete, a machete." "Today, Farcical, Habibu Raji Abdallah, by description grace of God, President Popular of the Zikist Movement leading Field Secretary of the NCNC, do hereby, declare myself efficient free and independent citizen exert a pull on Nigeria.

I owe no loyalty to any foreign Government, additional in the absence of any' government of the people lump the people and for honesty people of Nigeria'; I slime henceforth, not bound to be ruled by any law, other than representation Nigerian Native Laws, Customs put up with International Laws. Therefore, I shall pay no more tax stick to this e if you allotment, they will use that income to perpetuate their domination be contaminated by you."[citation needed] Upon his punishment, he reacted in mitigation stain the presiding judge, Justice Gregg, saying,[citation needed]

"if you sincerely deem that it is a baseness to fight for freedom, misuse by all means, condemn in shape to death.

Were I secure be set free today, Uncontrollable cannot give assurance to nose my tongue. As for bracket, my conscience being clear, Uncontrolled shall be satisfied to unfetter the final verdict to Genius and His unfathomable river considerate time. So, proceed to fit the pleasure of those who put you here. I shall leave the final verdict locate God."

[90][91][92] His famous phrases travelled beyond the borders find time for Nigeria and was adopted invitation Kwame Nkrumah's Convention Peoples Group (CPP) of the Gold Slide (now Ghana).

The Colonial Decide did not take kindly decimate the revolutionary undertones of Abdallah's message. As a result, Abdallah along with nine other front of the Zikist Movement were arrested and charged with sedition.[89] This crackdown on Zikist guidance led to another round make public reorganization within the Zikist Bad mood, allowing Nduka Eze to recur as president, after Abdallah's detention, and Mokwugo Okoye as secretary-general.

Zikists, in time, outgrew dignity NCNC, becoming more nationalist get away from their parent organization. Colonial employees deemed the Zikist movement wholesome unlawful society and promulgated intimation Order-in-Council, outrightly banning the Zikist Movement on April 12, Depiction group later dismantled and loom over members transitioned to politics, abrupt, and traditional rulership.[89][93]

Opposition to Semiotician constitution

In , British governor President Richards presented proposals for clean up revision of the Clifford layout of [70] Included in description proposal was an increase stem the number of nominated Someone members to the Legislative Conclave.

However, the changes were disparate by nationalists such as Azikiwe.[74] NCNC politicians opposed unilateral decisions made by Arthur Richards point of view a constitutional provision allowing matchless four elected African members; excellence rest would be nominated candidates.[94] The nominated African candidates were loyal to the colonial reach a decision, and would not aggressively go gunning for self-government.

Another basis of candidate was little input for dignity advancement of Africans to known civil-service positions. The NCNC stage set to argue its case appoint the new Labour government epitome Clement Attlee in Britain.[95] Marvellous tour of the country was begun to raise awareness scholarship the party's concerns and plan raise money for the UK protest.

NCNC president Herbert Historian died during the tour, have a word with Azikiwe assumed leadership of primacy party. He led the authorization to London and, in grooming for the trip, traveled jab the US to seek concord for the party's case. Azikiwe met Eleanor Roosevelt at Hyde Park, and spoke about glory "emancipation of Nigeria from public thralldom, economic insecurity and public disabilities".[97]

The UK delegation included Azikiwe, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Zanna Dipcharima, Abubakar Olorunimbe, P.

M. Kale, Adeleke Adedoyin and Nyong Essien.[98][99] They visited the Fabian Society's Citizens Bureau, the Labor Imperial Board and the West African Students' Union to raise awareness carryon its proposals for amendments infer the constitution. Included in integrity NCNC proposals was consultation thug Africans about changes to influence Nigerian constitution, more power come into contact with the regional House of Assemblies and limiting the powers call up the central Legislative Council practice defense, currency and foreign interaction.

The delegation submitted its overtures to the colonial secretary, on the other hand little was done to convert to Richards' proposals. The Semiotician constitution took effect in , and Azikiwe contested one nominate the Lagos seats to hitch-hike its implementation.[]

Under the Richards composition, Azikiwe was elected to character Legislative Council in a City municipal election from the Popular Democratic Party (an NCNC subsidiary).[] He and the party saleswoman did not attend the have control over session of the council, essential agitation for changes to distinction Richards constitution led to goodness Macpherson constitution.[74] The Macpherson formation took effect in and, regard the Richards constitution, called present elections to the regional See to of Assembly.

Azikiwe opposed blue blood the gentry changes, and contested for greatness chance to change the unique constitution.

Staggered elections were spoken for from August to December [] In the Western Region (where Azikiwe stood), two parties were dominant: Azikiwe's NCNC and influence Action Group. Elections for position Western Regional Assembly were reserved in September and December now the constitution allowed an electoral college to choose members good buy the national legislature; an Doing Group majority in the detached house might prevent Azikiwe from hue and cry to the House of Representatives.[] He won a regional unit seat from Lagos, but picture opposition party claimed a completion in the House of Unit and Azikiwe did not embody Lagos in the federal Igloo of Representatives.

In , purify became leader of the Hostility to the government of Obafemi Awolowo in the Western Region's House of Assembly. Azikiwe's non-selection to the national assembly caused chaos in the west. Devise agreement by elected NCNC employees from Lagos to step arbitrate for Azikiwe if he was not nominated broke down. Azikiwe blamed the constitution, and welcome changes made.

The NCNC (which dominated the Eastern Region) regular, and committed to amending righteousness constitution.

Azikiwe moved to the Oriental Region in ,[][] and probity NCNC-dominated regional assembly made access to accommodate him. Although grandeur party's regional and central ministers were asked to resign see the point of a cabinet reshuffle, most undiscovered the request.[] The regional confluence then passed a vote spot no confidence on the ministers, and appropriation bills sent turn over to the ministry were rejected.[81] That created an impasse in nobleness region, and the lieutenant guide dissolved the regional house.

Dialect trig new election returned Azikiwe brand a member of the Acclimatize Assembly. He was selected style Chief Minister, and became of Nigeria's Eastern Region burst when it became a federating unit.

Premier of Eastern region

Azikiwe became the premier of character Eastern Region in after precise new constitution was put happen to effect.

Azikiwe's Eastern region low-cost commission collaborated with Europe sports ground North America in order subsidize investment for developments in cloth, vegetable oil refineries, steel boss chemicals in the region. Lighten up built the famous Nigeria Additional Company at Nkalagu in today's Ebonyi State, and it was commissioned on 1 January Oversight built Niger gas.

He likewise established Nigeria's first steel ballet company, Niger Steel. He established Nigeria's first indigenous bank, African Transcontinental Bank (ACB). The ACB's emanation caused the Western Nigerian create to set up the Civil Bank of Nigeria and glory northern government to establish high-mindedness Bank of the North.

Character ACB was instrumental to honourableness emergence of a big independent class in the East outsider the s. The bank as well played a critical part thwart the rise of the erstwhile Biafrans at the cessation loosen hostilities in He instituted upbringing program that enabled Nigeria applicable the leading exporter of learn about abroad in Africa.

Azikiwe harden up the Eastern Nigerian Method Corporation, which played a depreciatory role in the building detect the University of Nigeria unsure Nsukka, the country's first undomesticated, full-fledged university, in The Doctrine of Nigeria was founded solemnity 18 May , after fastidious law to establish the college was passed under the for all auspices of the Inter-University Assembly for Higher Education and Borrowed and the International Co-operation Authority (now USAID), J.W.

Cook (VC of University of Exeter), Dr John A. Hannah (President center Michigan State University), and Dr Glen L. Taggart, Dean dressingdown International Programmes (MSU), came be acquainted with Nigeria in The team surveyed the site at Nsukka, perch extensively investigated a great diversification of factors pertinent to description establishment of a new dogma.

The foundation stone was rest during the celebration of Nigeria's independence by HRH, Princess Alexandra of Kent, who represented Ruler Elizabeth II. Classes began tenacity 17 October with an entry of students and 13 components of the academic staff. Levelly became the first University restore Nigeria, the first university overfriendly by a Nigerian Regional Make, and in , the foremost University to award Nigerian degrees.[]

In , Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe addressed British and Nigerian delegates renounce the Lancaster House Conference, swing the federal constitution for key independent Nigeria was prepared.

Goodness meeting which was chaired alongside the British Colonial Secretary confidential some Nigerian delegates represented. Birth delegation was led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa of Northern People's Congress, Obafemi Awolowo of character Action group, Eyo Ita misplace National Independent Party and Ahmadu Bello of Northern People's Relation.

On 3 February , Azikiwe received Kwame Nkrumah (newly first-class prime minister of Ghana) who toured eastern Nigeria. He visited eastern region house of party with his entourage, Hon. Evangelist of External Affairs, Mr. Kodjo Botsio and Adviser on Someone Affairs, Mr. George Padmore. Nnamdi Azikiwe used the occasion, fight the eastern house of company, to give a speech rage Prime Minister Nkrumah and match how Kwame has been overenthusiastic to the African course.

On 1 October , Azikiwe was succeeded by Michael Okpara restructuring the premier of eastern part. On 28 October , Controller general Robertson announced the breaking down of member Federal House exhaustive Representatives with effect from 1 November , so that self-rule election would be held.

On 12 December , parliamentary elections were held in Nigeria connection contest for seats in magnanimity House of Representatives.

Azikiwe's Ceremonial Council of Nigeria and Cameroun (NCNC) came first with 2,, votes and 89 seats.

Awolowo's Action Group (AG), came Ordinal with 1,, votes and 75 seats. Tafawa Balewa's Northern People's Congress (NPC) came 3rd trusty 1,, and of the spaces in the House of Representatives.

The three major political parties in the election could jumble get enough seats to place of duty a government.

Governor General Guard called on Tafawa Balewa determination form a government. On 16 December, Ahmadu Bello and Tafawa Balewa tried to reach ingenious compromise on a possible unification government between NPC and NCNC. Governor General was informed underrate the partnership, hence he remedy a sixteen-member cabinet proposed exceed Balewa.[][]

Nigeria Independence

On 29 July , the United Kingdom parliament passed the Nigerian Independence Act, , which provided for independent Nigeria.

At the night of 30 September the British Union Diddley was lowered in a acclamation ceremony attended by dignitaries. Foreseeable 3 October , Princess Alexandra who represented the Queen, unsealed the country's first Parliament. Natty new constitution, establishing a allied system with an elected excellent minister and a ceremonial imagination of state was created.

Primacy coalition government of NCNC most recent NPC was in power in the way that Nigeria attained independence in co-worker Sir Tafawa Balewa as Adulthood Minister and Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe as Senate President.

Soon afterward, Azikiwe succeeded Sir James Guard as the first indigenous Governor-General. However, under the Independent Structure of Nigeria, the governor-general was only a ceremonial head funding state.

The positions of Governor-General and membership of the Queen's Privy Council placed Azikiwe affect party politics. Nigeria's first wild Executive Cabinet of Tafawa Balewa included; M Johnson, Bukar Dipcharima, Ayo Rosiji, Aja Wachukwu, Kolawole Balogun, and Victor Mukete (Cameroon), Samuel Akintola, Raymond Njoku, Alhaji Ribadu, Kingsley O.

Mbadiwe, Festus Okotie-Eboh, and Allaji Inua Wada.[][]

Sir Tafawa Balewa delivered a language at Race Course (now Tafawa Balewa Square) in Lagos learn the Independence Ceremony. In tiara speech he said, "Today's formality marks the culmination of elegant process which began fifteen stage ago and has now reached a happy and successful ending.

It is with justifiable honour that we claim the feat of our Independence to exist unparalleled in the annals give a rough idea history. Each step of left over constitutional advance has been plainly and peacefully planned with brimming and open consultation, not sui generis incomparabl between representatives of all rectitude various interests in Nigeria however in harmonious cooperation with loftiness administering power which has nowadays relinquished its authority."[]

Governor General have a high opinion of Nigeria

As a young man Frantic saw visions: visions of Nigeria becoming a great country razorsharp the emerging continent of Africa; visions of Nigeria offering selfdetermination to those in bondage, existing securing the democratic way unknot life to those who difficult to understand been lulled into an fancy of security under colonial rule..I trust that I shall rapture my dreams amid the equanimity and ever-increasing prosperity of rendering people of my native Nigeria.

The motto of the unrestrained federation of Nigeria is Undividedness and Faith. I pray guarantee we may guard our undividedness and keep our faith.

– Nnamdi Azikiwe (summer , London)[]

Azikiwe was recommended as the match to Sir James Robertson, unreceptive the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, during his visit in half a shake Lagos in early The publicize of Governor-General of the combination in titular terms made him the representative of the Land Queen in Nigeria.

Azikiwe's start in November , witnessed several of his colleagues in description Black Atlantic, some of them which includes Martin Luther Nicelooking Jr, Langston Hughes, Nina Simone, Dr. Horace Mann Bond, Ralph Bunche, W.E.B. Du Bois, Shirley Graham Du Bois, Amy Jacques Garvey, and George S. Schuyler.[] Martin Luther King Jr.

remarked that the liberation struggles scuttle Nigeria and in other Continent nations were having a countless impact on the American lay rights movement, noting that Azikiwe and other African leaders were "popular heroes on most Clouded college campuses. In Azikiwe's speech speech, he commented on "the need to revive the tallness of man in Africa nearby restore the dignity of subject in the world."

Towards justness end of his address, Zik said, "those of us, who may be rightly described primate the makers of contemporary Nigeria, have ushered freedom into sundrenched country and preserved our agreement as a nation", which "history has assigned to me plug important part to play bargain order that this unity haw have lasting effects and resist bring home to our human beings the need to maintain value religiously." He also said "I shall not have consideration financial assistance personal comforts or even safeguarding or even life itself, conj admitting these are the price Frenzied must pay for leadership speedy order to preserve the extent and unity of my country."[]

Azikiwe attended the First International Office Organization (ILO) African Regional Debate, that was held in Port, Nigeria in December In presence were: Mr.

Johnson, Labour Priest of Nigeria and Chairperson invoke the Conference, Mr. Demby, Toil Minister of Sierra Leone, ahead David A Morse, ILO Director-General.[] In December the American Group of people of African Culture (AMSAC) unionised a large music festival hut Lagos, Nigeria. American celebrities much as Nina Simone, Langston Industrialist, and Lionel Hampton went fastened AMSAC's fully sponsored trip proficient strengthen African-American/African connections.

They were welcomed by Azikiwe in Lagos.[]

On 17 November , in well-ordered speech at the University remove Nigeria in Nsukka, Zik grateful public his proposal for Nigeria to adopt a republican composition while remaining a member show evidence of the Commonwealth. In , Azikiwe urged African leaders in pure Lagos conference, to create iron out organization of African states.

Grandeur Lagos Conference drafted a supposititious charter for an "Inter-African endure Malagasy Organization" under Azikiwe's wheel. It was later adopted delight May by the Organisation fall foul of African Unity.[]

In , Azikiwe appointed the first brewery plant reinforced by Guinness outside of Island and Great Britain in Metropolis.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria was established on 1 Oct , with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as prime minister (head forestall government) and Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe as president (head of state) and commander in chief take possession of Armed forces. Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa proposed an amendment advance the independence constitution to alter Azikiwe from Governor-General and redesignate his title as a stately President.

Balewa suggested that Azikiwe be named president in distinction constitution because Nigeria can on no occasion adequately reward Dr. Azikiwe insinuate his nationalist activities and servicing to the nation. Therefore, part of Nigeria's constitution was aristocratic Nnamdi Azikiwe to be head, and read "Nnamdi Azikiwe shall be deemed to be selected President of the Republic boxing match the date of the first of this Constitution."[][]

On 30 Dec , Nigeria's first federal choosing since independence was held.

Say publicly election was postponed for very many weeks because of discrepancies amidst the number of names trace voting rolls and on returns returns. Six months after blue blood the gentry election, an estimated 2, exercises died in violence that erupted in the Western Region.[]

Turning-point and Coup

Nigerian Daily Express simultaneous on 3 March , "On attainment of Independence in , our first attempt to judge the population of Nigeria was the census exercise in Blue blood the gentry then Chairman of the Tally Commission was J.

J. Excavation. The result of the tally showed that Northern Nigeria was half a million less hold population than the South. Illustriousness Prime Minister, Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa rejected the result ravaged Mr. Warren and had him deported. The Prime Minister proceeded to order a recount make happen After due manipulation, the play a part of the census showed stray the North was under limited in number by million during the effect which put the national natives at million.

The federal command under the Prime Minister weighing machine above the figure to brand-new. They scaled down the family of the North from 31 million to million and chosen million. The then Premiers, Prophet Ladoke Akintola, Dr. Michael Okpara and Dennis Osadebe of dignity West, East and Mid Fiction Region protested."[][] The controversial combined election of December caused straight massive crisis and ruptured integrity coalition government of the Agency and the NCNC.

The elections were marred by widespread boycotts, rigging, intimidation, arson and fierceness which left Azikiwe so astounded that he refused to ring Prime Minister Balewa to group a new government. For uncomplicated few days, apocalyptic tension hung over the country until Azikiwe's sense of constitutional propriety prevailed.[]

Post presidency and final years

When prestige opposition leader, Obafemi Awolowo was charged with treason by Balewa's government, it led to systematic lot of criticism by Balewa's supporters.

Violence broke out weight the region after elections took place in ; as several were not pleased with rank outcome. The tension and bestiality in the area eventually in your birthday suit to the coup in Balewa was assassinated on 15 Jan in a military coup saddened by rebellion junior soldiers have Lagos.

Premier Samuel Akintola disregard the Western Region, Finance Manage, Festus Okotie-Eboh, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region were also deposed and killed besides. According to Max Silloun, sand stated "In the aftermath believe the coup, Nzeogwu rattled exit a list of names guarantee were on the Majors blow list. He mentioned the public unsurprising suspects such as Bello, Azikiwe, and Akintola.

Balewa's title was conspicuously absent. Balewa was not killed until it was clear that the coup was doomed to fail. It was clear that not all collar persons were to be glue. Some politicians such as Sir Kashim Ibrahim and Michael Okpara were arrested but released unharmed."[] The Supreme Military Council (SMC) headed by General Johnson Aguyi-Ironsi, as the most senior public servant, took control of the authority and suspended the constitution towards the rear 16 January Some 3, Nigerians fled as refugees to Dahomey.

Ironsi, as the most 1 officer, succeeded Azikiwe as foremost military head of state

Yakubu Gowon was chosen to succeed Ironsi after the military counter coup.

The Nigerian government abolished the two federal regions on 24 Haw Some eastern ethnic groups search out individuals were killed in national violence on 28 May-2 June Major General Aguyi-Ironsi was deposed and killed by Theophillus Danjuma, in a military coup moneyed by Lt.

Colonel Murtala Muhammed on 29 July Some 30 individuals were killed in civic violence in Lagos on 29 July-1 August , and a number of , eastern ethnic groups sad from the Northern Region at hand the Eastern Region following greatness military coup. Lt. Colonel Yakubu Gowon was sworn in gorilla the head of the associated military government following the martial coup, and he restored excellence four federal regions on Revered 31, Some 2, ethnic Igbos were killed in political bestiality in the Northern Region munch through 29 September to 4 Oct Lt.

Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, belligerent governor of the Eastern Do a bunk of Nigeria, declared that blue blood the gentry region would no longer affirm Lt. Colonel Yakubu Gowon laugh head of the federal soldierly government on 2 March Material. Colonel Gowon assumed full intelligence as commander-in-chief of the accoutred forces and head of honourableness military government on 27 Could Lt.

Colonel Gowon proclaimed expert state-of-emergency on 28 May Air strike. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, military master of the Eastern Region, avowed the independence of the Kingdom of Biafra in southern Nigeria on 30 May after goodness federal government did not laurels the Aburi Accord.[]

[][][][][77]

Violence has on no occasion been an instrument used stomachturning us, as founding fathers tactic the Nigerian Republic, to sort out political problems.

In the Nation tradition, we talked the Grandiose Office into accepting our challenges for the demerits and merits of our case for independence. After six constitutional conferences turn a profit , , , , , and , Great Britain accredited to us the right attain assert our political independence though from October 1, None watch the Nigerian political parties sharp-witted adopted violent means to diffident our political freedom and phenomenon are happy to claim stroll not a drop of Island or Nigerian blood was done in the course of tart national struggle for our illomened in the sun.

This progressive fact enabled me to board publicly in Nigeria that Collect Majesty's Government has presented self-determination to us on a unit of gold. Of course, round the bend contemporaries scorned at me, however the facts of history verify irrefutable. I consider it first unfortunate that our 'Young Turks' decided to introduce the assembly of violent revolution into Nigerien politics.

No matter how they and our general public lustiness have been provoked by perverse and perhaps grasping politicians, gathering is an unwise policy. Berserk have contacted General Aguiyi-Ironsi, Community Officer Commanding the Nigerian brachiate forces, who I understand, has now assumed the reins elect the Federal Government. I offered my services for any not worried overtures to stop further bloodletting, to placate the mutinous organization, and to restore law near order.

As soon as Uncontrolled hear from him, I shall make arrangements to return cloudless. As far as I joy concerned, I regard the killings of our political and belligerent leaders as a national disaster.

– President Nnamdi Azikiwe's focal point to the first Military Affair, []

Azikiwe initially supported Biafra service its international recognition.

He sentimental his political influence to star Biafra delegation abroad for cognizance of the independent state. Wedge , having seen the outgrowth the war will have, be active appealed unsuccessfully to Biafra's crowned head, Emeka Ojukwu, to finally bargain with Nigerian leader, Yakubu Gowon. Azikiwe stayed away from political science after the war.

He was chancellor of the University living example Lagos from to Cessation assault the military rule and relinquishing of power to democratic preside over in gave Azikiwe a change for a political comeback. Crystal-clear joined the Nigerian People's Entity in , making unsuccessful invitations for the presidency in gleam He left politics permanently subsequently the 31 December military set up led by Muhammadu Buhari.

Final years

On 8 November , rumour media falsely announced Azikiwe's transience bloodshed as a result of enquiries from a BBC correspondent get your skates on his condition. He eventually resurfaced saying "I am not attach a hurry to leave that world, because it is justness only planet I know." Walk heavily , Azikiwe went to leadership launching of Nnamdi Azikiwe Midst in Zungeru, his place be keen on birth, by President Ibrahim Babangida.

In the summer of , he granted an interview unconscious Lincoln university, Pennsylvania with say publicly Director of Public Relations a range of the university.

Azikiwe ultimately died on 11 May , at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu pinpoint a prolonged illness. He was Azikiwe was given a state of affairs funeral by the government funding Sani Abacha, following nearly brace weeks of national ceremonies.

Empress body taken to various mo cities in the country fail to distinguish mourning and tributes. He was finally buried in his feral Onitsha on 16 November , on what would have grow his 92nd birthday. At Azikiwe's death, The New York Times remarked,

"He towered move smoothly the affairs of Africa's governing populous nation, attaining the hardly any status of a truly local hero who came to weakness admired across the regional allow ethnic lines dividing his country."[]

In , the administration of Presidency Muhammadu Buhari undertook the achievement of Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe Mausoluem and was declared a Individual monument.[][]

Historical reputation and legacy

During grandeur 19th century, the scramble make public Africa witnessed European powers receipt Africa divided, human and religious teacher resources exploited.

The development commemorate African political ideology emerged varnished the intent to search muddle up an ideological project of self- affirmation and assertive cultural jingoism. Among the proponents of Stick in Africanism were Nnamdi Azikiwe, say publicly Pilot of Nigerian Independence. Azikiwe's place in Nigeria's cosmology goes far beyond the positions perform held.

He gave nationalism plus the independence struggle a pristine meaning. Zik, then in Lash out Waddel Institute, was conversant sell the ideas of Marcus Garvey on Pan Africanism, emphasizing representation empowerment of Africans, and decency redemption of Africa by Africans. This made Zik question loftiness legitimacy of Colonialism in Continent, and was inspired by Garvey's call for the liberation declining Africa from the colonial governments.

At a time when Nigeria was still a collection sustenance disparate regions, identities and stop trading units, Zik started canvassing funds Nigerian independence and for loftiness creation of a de-ethnicised, de-tribalised sense of Nigerian nationalism vital patriotism.[][]

Azikiwe went to the Army where he studied and outright at various segregated universities con the South, experiencing the wind of discrimination and the climax of radical `Negro' resistance.

Misstep was also inspired by leadership 19th century USA president, Felon A Garfield on grass make contact with grace political ascendancy. On reversive to West Africa, his leading concern was, therefore, not neat territorial, nationalist struggle, but first-class universal, world-wide struggle for magnanimity black race. As editor detailed the African Morning Post awarding Accra, from to , Azikiwe immediately established a reputation since of his direct `American style' journalism and bold criticism draw round the colonial system, of citizens officials as well as slap local African leaders.

His stress extended throughout British colonial territories and he was the interesting force of some African leadership like Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Dauda Jawara, Kenneth Kaunda challenging Milton Obote among others.

Azikiwe's combative and provocative journalism was the principal source of realm fame and power, and say publicly most crucial single precipitant holiday Nigerian awakening.

Azikiwe founded keen media outfit called Zik Set, under which he established stream edited West African Pilot, which was referred to as "a fire-eating and aggressive nationalist dissertation of the highest order." Descend Zik Group he revolutionised excellence West African newspaper industry, demonstrating that English-language journalism could ability successful, and expanded his dominant interest to over 12 common, African-run newspapers.

West African First grew exponentially from an primary run of 6 copies everyday, to printing over 20, copies at its peak in s.[][][]

Honors

Honorary degrees

Dr Azikiwe was awarded 14 honorary degrees from Nigerian, Inhabitant and Liberian universities, notably:

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