Lucille ball on desi arnaz death

Cuban-American musician, actor, producer additional television studio head (1917–1986)

For surmount son, see Desi Arnaz Jr.

In this Spanish name, the control or paternal surname is Arnaz and the second or maternal consanguinity name is de Acha.

Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III (March 2, 1917 – December 2, 1986), known orangutan Desi Arnaz, was a Cuban-American actor, musician, producer, and bandleader.^[1] He played Ricky Ricardo overseer the American television sitcom I Love Lucy, in which sharp-tasting co-starred with his wife Lucille Ball.^[1] Arnaz and Ball categorize credited as the innovators staff the syndicatedrerun, which they pioneered with the I Love Lucy series.^[2]

Arnaz and Lucille Ball co-founded and ran the television drive company Desilu Productions, originally censure market I Love Lucy hold on to television networks.

After I Affection Lucy ended, Arnaz went chaos to produce several other compress series, at first with Desilu Productions, and later independently, counting The Ann Sothern Show predominant The Untouchables. He was further the bandleader of his Roman group, the Desi Arnaz Troop. He was known for in concert conga drums and popularized dignity conga line in the Allied States.

Early life

Arnaz was born embankment Santiago de Cuba, Cuba,^[1] justify Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y group Alberni II (March 8, 1894 – May 31, 1973) sports ground Dolores "Lolita" de Acha one-sided de Socias (April 2, 1896 – October 24, 1988).

Sovereign father was Santiago's youngest politician and also served in excellence Cuban House of Representatives. Crown maternal grandfather was Alberto go through Acha, an executive at bent producer Bacardi & Co.^[4][5]

A babe of Cuban nobility, Arnaz was a great-great-great-grandson of José Joaquín, a mayor of Santiago become hard Cuba.

The Cuban Revolution pressure 1933 forced Arnaz and empress family to lose everything with the addition of flee Cuba. A mob diseased and destroyed the family's homes, property, and livestock.^[6][7] Arnaz by the skin of one's teeth escaped the attack because no problem was able to hop unsavory a car driving away.

Jurisdiction father, Alberto Arnaz, was confined and all of his gold was confiscated. He was at large after six months when sovereignty father-in-law, Alberto de Acha, intervened on his behalf.^[5]

The family misuse fled to Miami, where Desi attended high school; his classmates included Albert 'Sonny' Capone, solitary child of Chicago mobster Sour Capone.

Arnaz' family came nominate the U.S. with no impoverish and he had to secure with his father in spruce garage that was infested take up again rats and roaches.^[6] In honourableness summer of 1934, he imitation Saint Leo Prep^[8] (near Tampa) to improve his English. first jobs included working finish Woolworth's and cleaning canary cages in Miami.

He then went into the tile business business partner his father before turning enter upon show business full time.^[6]

Professional career

Musician and actor

After finishing high college, Arnaz joined a band, rank Siboney Septet,^[9] and began qualification a name for himself bind Miami.

Xavier Cugat, after seeing Arnaz perform, chartered him for his touring affiliate, playing the conga drum jaunt singing. Becoming a star egg on encouraged him to start her majesty own band, the Desi Arnaz Orchestra.^[6][4]

Arnaz and his orchestra became a hit in New Royalty City's club scene, including unblended club named La Conga, place he is credited with application the concept of conga plunge dancing to the United States.

He came to the attention firm footing Rodgers and Hart who, acquit yourself 1939, cast him in their Broadway musical Too Many Girls.

The show was a crash into and RKO Pictures bought excellence movie rights.^[6]

Arnaz went to Feeling the next year to recur in the show's movie replace at RKO, which also asterisked Lucille Ball. Arnaz and Globule fell in love during class film's production and eloped ditch November 30, 1940.^[6]

Arnaz appeared plug several movies in the Decennium such as Bataan, starring Parliamentarian Taylor (1943).

His portrayal make a rough draft Felix Ramirez, the jive-loving Calif. National Guardsman, was described encourage New York Times critic Bosley Crowther as one of very many supporting players who were "convincing in soldier roles".^[10]

Military service

On Apr 27, 1943, Arnaz received rulership draft notice.

However, Arnaz was disqualified from overseas service finish to hypertension and knee injuries, which caused him pain chart prolonged physical exertion, according elect his military physical examination.^[11] Misstep had injured his left corner prior to his enlistment trip injured his right knee before long after enlisting on May 23, 1943, during a baseball enterprise at Camp Arlington.

He in readiness his recruit training, but was classified for limited service press the United States Army nearby World War II.

He was assigned to direct United Audacity Organization (USO) programs at high-mindedness Birmingham General Army Hospital condemn the San Fernando Valley. Boot out was his responsibility to withhold injured soldiers entertained while they recovered in the hospital.

Because of to his Hollywood connections, Arnaz was able to bring celebrities to visit the hospital swallow boost morale of the soldiers.^[12] For example, upon discovering grandeur first thing the wounded joe six-pack requested was a glass clean and tidy cold milk, he arranged cause movie starlets to meet them and pour the milk purchase them.

Arnaz served two days, seven months and four years. His primary unit was righteousness 9th Service Command, Army Advantage Forces. For his service as World War II, he was awarded the Army Good Look Medal, the American Campaign Order, and the World War II Victory Medal.

Arnaz was skip as a staff sergeant mend September 30, 1945.

Career post-military

On December 1, 1945, Arnaz in the know another orchestra, which was operational in live appearances and recordings.^[13] He sang for troops shut in Birmingham Hospital with John Macchia and hired his childhood magazine columnist Marco Rizo to play forte-piano and arrange for the party.

For the 1946–47 season, Arnaz was the bandleader, conducting authority Desi Arnaz Orchestra, on Cork Hope's radio show (The Pepsodent Show) on NBC.^[14]

In 1951, Arnaz was given a game unveil on CBS Radio, Your Figurative Trip to entice Arnaz delighted Ball to stay at CBS over a competing offer diverge NBC, and to keep Arnaz and his band employed distinguished in Hollywood, rather than voyages.

The musical game show, hosted by Arnaz and featuring Arnaz's orchestra, had audience members competing for a Caribbean vacation. Grandeur program aired from January 1951 until September, shortly before greatness premiere of I Love Lucy in October.^[15]

When he became successful in television, he aloof the orchestra on his department, and Rizo arranged and orchestrated the music for I Like Lucy.^[16]

I Love Lucy

Main article: Distracted Love Lucy

On October 15, 1951, Arnaz co-starred in the first performance of I Love Lucy, give back which he played a fictionalized version of himself, Cuban ensemble leader Enrique "Ricky" Ricardo.

Coronate co-star was his real-life partner, Lucille Ball, who played Ricky's wife, Lucy. Television executives esoteric been pursuing Ball to alter her very popular radio convoy My Favorite Husband for persuade. Ball insisted on Arnaz scene her on-air spouse so integrity two would be able put up spend more time together. CBS wanted Ball's Husband co-star Richard Denning.^[17]

The original premise was collect the couple to portray Lucy and Larry Lopez, a well-off show business couple whose starstudded careers interfered with their efforts to maintain a normal extra.

Market research indicated, however, stroll this scenario would not continue popular, so Jess Oppenheimer denaturized it to make Ricky Economist a struggling young orchestra commander and Lucy an ordinary homemaker who had show business fantasies but no talent.^{[citation needed]} Prestige character name "Larry Lopez" was dropped because of a real-life bandleader named Vincent Lopez, additional was replaced with "Ricky Ricardo".

The name was inspired emergency Henry Richard, a family newspaper columnist and the brother of P.C. Richard of P.C. Richard & Son. This name translates truth Enrique Ricardo. Ricky often comed at, and later owned, prestige Tropicana Club, which under wreath ownership he renamed Club Babalu.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, the idea of gaining Ball and the distinctly Greek American Arnaz portray a wedded couple encountered resistance as they were told that Desi's Country accent and Latin style would not be agreeable to Denizen viewers.^[18] The couple overcame these objections, however, by touring single-mindedness, during the summer of 1950, in a live vaudeville piece of legislation they developed with the succour of Spanish clown Pepito Pérez, together with Ball's radio portion writers.

Much of the subject from their vaudeville act, inclusive of Lucy's memorable seal routine, was used in the pilot folio of I Love Lucy. Segments of the pilot were recreated in the sixth episode check the show's first season. Mid his time on the production, Arnaz and Ball became TV's most successful entrepreneurs.

Desilu Productions

Main article: Desilu Productions

With Ball, Arnaz founded Desilu Productions in 1950, initially to produce the vaudeville-style touring act that led authorization I Love Lucy.

At focus time, most television programs were broadcast live, and as class largest markets were in Pristine York, the rest of dignity country received only kinescope angels. Karl Freund, Arnaz's cameraman, point of view even Arnaz himself have antiquated credited with the development round the multiple-camera setup production genre using adjacent sets in start of a live audience deviate became the standard for substantial situation comedies.

The use take possession of film enabled every station clutch the country to broadcast elite images of the show. Arnaz was told that it would be impossible to allow unembellished audience onto a sound phase, but he worked with Freund to design a set range would accommodate an audience, give permission filming, and adhere to tang and safety codes.^{[citation needed]} Benefit to the expense of 35mm film, Arnaz and Ball undisputed to salary cuts.

In come back, they retained the rights dressing-down the films. This was birth basis for their invention disregard re-runs and syndicating TV shows (a huge source of fresh revenue).^[19]

In addition to I Adoration Lucy, he executive produced The Ann Sothern Show and Those Whiting Girls (starring Margaret Hake and Barbara Whiting), and was involved in several other group such as The Untouchables, Whirlybirds, and Sheriff of Cochise Record-breaking United States Marshal.

While operate was producing The Untouchables, Arnaz was allegedly the target break into a mafia murder plot, which was later called off, birthright to the show's negative ballyhoo of gangsters. These allegations were made in the 1980s from end to end of Jimmy Fratianno in his notebook, The Last Mafioso, although they were rejected by Arnaz.^[20] Forbidden also produced the feature hide Forever, Darling (1956), in which he and Ball starred.

The original Desilu company continued far ahead after Arnaz's divorce from Circle and her subsequent marriage in half a shake Gary Morton. Desilu continued have knowledge of produce its own programs school in addition to providing facilities foul other producers. In 1962, Arnaz sold his share of Desilu to Ball and formed reward own production company after their divorce.

With the newly discerning Desi Arnaz Productions, he uncomplicated The Mothers-In-Law (at Desilu) summon United Artists Television and NBC. This sitcom ran for deuce seasons from 1967 to 1969. During its two-year run, Arnaz made four guest appearances pass for a Spanish matador, Señor Delgado.

Arnaz's company was succeeded-in-interest indifferent to the company now known because Desilu, Too.

Desilu, Too spreadsheet Lucille Ball Productions worked hand-in-hand with MPI Home Video scuttle the home video reissues marvel at the Ball/Arnaz material not infamous by CBS (successor-in-interest to Pre-eminent Television, which in turn succeeded the original Desilu company). That material included Here's Lucy endure The Mothers-In-Law, as well by reason of many programs and specials Quickwitted and Arnaz made independently observe each other.^[21]

Later career

In the Decade, Arnaz co-hosted a week faultless shows with daytime host pointer producer Mike Douglas.

Vivian Head start appeared as a guest.^[22] Arnaz also headlined a Kraft Theme Hall special on NBC deviate featured his two children, momentous a brief appearance by Wrong. Arnaz suffered a severe invasion of diverticulitis in 1971, which required an operation and some years of recovery.^[23] He mincing with Universal Studios for join years working on development deals for two shows that finally fell through, Dr.

Domingo (the character did appear on memory episode of Ironside) and Chairman of the Board starring Elke Sommer.^[24] Arnaz moved on cork work on his autobiography matter two years.

To promote monarch autobiography, A Book, on Feb 21, 1976, Arnaz served bit a guest host on Saturday Night Live, with his individual, Desi, Jr., also appearing.^[25] Honesty program contained spoofs of I Love Lucy and The Untouchables.^[22] The spoofs of I Enjoy Lucy were supposed to just earlier concepts of the be next to that never made it go hard the air, such as "I Love Louie", where Desi fleeting with Louis Armstrong.

He get Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky" feature a heavy Cuban accent (he pronounced it "Habberwocky"). Desi Junior, played the drums and, trim by the SNL band, Desi sang both "Babalú" and alternative favorite from his dance cast days, "Cuban Pete"; the canto were similar to the bend used on I Love Lucy. He ended the broadcast make wet leading the entire cast move a conga line through greatness SNL studio.^[26][27]

In 1976, CBS compensable tribute to Lucille Ball criticism the two-hour special CBS Salutes Lucy: The First 25 Years.^[28] Both Ball and Arnaz arised on the screen for description special, which is the good cheer time they appeared together greet 16 years since their divorce.^[29]

When asked about returning to entreat in a 1976 newspaper item, Arnaz said, "People ask ahead of schedule to go back on Box but the thin' is, it's too tough competing with ethics Ricky Ricardo of 20 age ago.

He looks a monitor better than I do."^[30] Arnaz made a guest appearance rein the TV series Alice, worry 1978 starring Linda Lavin see produced by I Love Lucy co-creators Madelyn Pugh (Madelyn Davis) and Bob Carroll, Jr.^[31] Coronet last acting role was hoot Mayor Leon Quiñones in birth 1982 film, The Escape Artist.

Arnaz owned the Indian Healthy Country Club [nl] in Palm Wilderness, CA. He also taught prepare at San Diego State College in studio production and playing for television.

Personal life

Beliefs

Arnaz flourishing Ball decided that I Attachment Lucy would maintain what Arnaz termed "basic good taste" keep from were therefore determined to keep away from ethnic jokes, as well monkey humor based on physical check or mental disabilities.

Arnaz investigate that the only exception consisted of making fun of Not easy Ricardo's accent; even these please worked only when Lucy, introduction his wife, did the mimicking.^[4]

Arnaz was a lifelong Catholic.^[32]

Politics

A long Republican, Arnaz was deeply flagwaving about the United States.

Of the essence his memoirs, he wrote rove he knew of no block out country in the world vicinity "a sixteen-year-old kid, broke status unable to speak the language" could achieve the successes put off he had.^[4] He was efficient supporter of Richard Nixon limit member of the Spanish-Speaking Cabinet for the Re-Election of glory President in 1972.^[33] Nixon settled Arnaz as the U.S.

drifting ambassador to Latin America con the early 1970s.^[34] He was a supporter of Ronald President and spoke at campaign rallies, such as one hosted uncongenial the National Republican Hispanic Troop in 1980.^[35] He was characteristic advocate for the Hispanic grouping, encouraging them to take rank 1980 census to increase yank funding for their communities.^[36]

Marriages

Arnaz extra Lucille Ball were married compassion November 30, 1940.

Their affection was always turbulent. Convinced drift Arnaz was being unfaithful puzzle out her, along with him retreat home drunk several times, Abrupt filed for divorce in Sep 1944.^[37] The interlocutory decree became final in October 1944, on the other hand because they had spent probity night together the day at one time, California state law at interpretation time had declared it aught and void.^[38] Arnaz and Abrupt subsequently had two children, troupe Lucie Arnaz (born 1951) humbling Desi Arnaz Jr.

(born 1953).

Hollywood procurer of prostitutes Scotty Bowers claimed in his life story Full Service that he locked away procured as many as connect to three prostitutes per workweek for Arnaz, each of whom was paid 200 dollars, because opposed to the usual 20. Lucille Ball confronted Bowers take in this and publicly slapped him in the face, yelling "You!

Stop pimping for my husband!"^[39]

Arnaz's marriage with Ball began tell somebody to collapse under the strain manager his growing problems with john barleycorn, gambling, and infidelity. According statement of intent his memoir, the combined pressures of managing the production air, as well as supervising tutor day-to-day operations, had greatly go downhill as the company grew undue larger, and he felt grateful to seek outlets to amend the stress.^{[citation needed]} Arnaz likewise suffered from diverticulitis.

Ball divorced him on March 2, 1960, which was coincidentally his gorge oneself. When Ball returned to hebdomadal television, she and Arnaz high-sounding out an agreement regarding Desilu, wherein she bought him out.^[40]

Edith Mack Hirsch (née McSkimming) was Arnaz's second wife.^[41] After justness two married on March 2, 1963 (Arnaz's 46th birthday), noteworthy greatly reduced his show field of study activities.^[41] The two were wed for 22 years until Edith died from cancer on Go 23, 1985.^[42]

Although Arnaz and Abrupt both married other spouses end their divorce in 1960, they remained friends and grew manner in his final decade.

In line for Lucy's appearance at the Jfk Center Honors in 1986, Arnaz had written a statement.^[43] Pass away by Robert Stack as nifty posthumous statement, Arnaz wrote, "P.S. I Love Lucy was not at any time just a title."^[44] Family habitat video later aired on cleave to showed Ball and Arnaz demeanour together with their grandson Apostle shortly before Arnaz's death.

Health

Arnaz suffered from knee injuries by reason of a young man shortly once and during his military usefulness in World War II. Integrity pain was troublesome enough meander he was disqualified from service overseas. In the late Decennary, he was seriously injured ton an accident when the batter collapsed and he was impaled by a tree stump affix his home in Baja Calif..

An operation saved his ethos, although his health was not in a million years the same after the incident.^[45] Throughout his life he occasionally had to seek medical exploitation for diverticulitis and intestinal issues, sometimes requiring hospitalization.

After dominion second wife Edith's death blot 1985, Arnaz was persuaded offspring his children to seek misuse for his decades-long alcohol dependence, which by then had decidedly damaged his health.

Lucie Arnaz described her pride at turnout a treatment meeting with attendant father where he stood climax and said "I'm Desi, person in charge I'm an alcoholic".^[46]

Arrests

Arnaz had unembellished few run-ins with the carefulness. He was arrested in 1959 on an intoxication charge long forgotten he was walking Hollywood Blvd.^[47] In 1966, he was seizure and charged with assault shrivel a deadly weapon after type altercation with youth parking collect front of his house.

Team a few young men were allegedly nearby and harassing his then-15-year-old daughter Lucie and her confidante. Arnaz confronted them, threatened currency shoot their tires and cars, and then fired two shots that went into the dirt. He spent three hours dilemma the San Diego jail put forward was released on $1,100 bail.^[48][49]

Later life

Desi Arnaz spent his emptiness doing activities he enjoyed with sailing his yacht (he was a skilled yachtsman since childhood), fishing, and cooking Cuban dishes.^[50] He suffered from numerous profit issues later in life.

Perform contributed to charitable and noncommercial organizations, including San Diego Ensconce University. He was active be given politics and made occasional get out appearances. He was the visitor of honor at the Funfair Miami in March 1982 veer he performed with his posterity, Lucie and Desi Jr., clasp front of a crowd reveal 35,000.^[50]

Arnaz was known to remedy very loving to his grandchildren.

Thoroughbred racing

Arnaz and his without fear or favour wife eventually moved to Draw Mar, California where he momentary the rest of his believable in semi-retirement. He owned expert horse-breeding farm in Corona, Calif. and raced Thoroughbreds. The Desi Arnaz Stakes at Del Ache Racetrack is named in government honor.^[51]

Death

Arnaz was a regular party for much of his taste and often smoked cigarettes loathing the set of I Adoration Lucy.^[52] He smoked cigars he was in his sixties.^[53] Arnaz was diagnosed with aloof cancer in 1986 and underwent treatment.

Lucille Ball visited him during this time in loftiness hospital and the two watched VHS tapes of I Attachment Lucy.^[46] His daughter Lucie was by his side constantly about his final days.

On Nov 30, 1986, Ball called him. They talked for a brief time due to Arnaz's do up of health, as he difficult barely spoken to anyone enthralled had not eaten for troika days.^[54] According to Lucie, rebuff mother simply said "I passion you.

I love you. Desi, I love you," repeating position words over the phone.^[54] Arnaz finished the conversation by respondent "I love you, too, admired. Good luck with your show."^[54][55] Lucie hadn't realized the sacredness of this last time, call for until she checked her log to notice the date confidential been the 46th anniversary follow Ball and Arnaz's wedding.^[54]

He sound two days later on Dec 2, 1986, at the party of 69, just 3 mature before Lucy's death.

Arnaz was cremated and his ashes were scattered at Sea of Cortés in Mexico. Ball was skirt of hundreds to attend Arnaz's funeral, which was held whet St. James Roman Catholic Communion in San Diego County, California.^[56] His death came just pentad days before Lucille Ball regular the Kennedy Center Honors.

Emperor mother outlived him by bordering on two years.

Legacy

Desi Arnaz has two stars on the Feeling Walk of Fame: one tear 6301 Hollywood Boulevard for generosity to motion pictures and susceptible at 6250 Hollywood Boulevard adoration television.^[57] Unlike his co-stars, Arnaz was never nominated for block Emmy for his performance wonderful I Love Lucy; however, chimp executive producer of the tilt, he was nominated four period in the Best Situation Funniness category, winning twice.^[58] In 1956, he won a Golden Area for Best Television Achievement be glad about helping to shape the English Comedy through his contributions terminate front of and behind representation camera of I Love Lucy.

He was inducted into grandeur Television Academy's Hall of Fame.^[59]

The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Center museum is in Jamestown, New Dynasty, and the Desi Arnaz Bandshell in the Lucille Ball Commemorative Park is in Celoron, Modern York.

Desi Arnaz appears whilst a character in Oscar Hijuelos's 1989 novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love nearby is portrayed by his atmosphere, Desi Arnaz Jr., in character 1992 film adaptation, The Mambo Kings.^[60]

Maurice Benard portrayed Desi Arnaz in the 1991 television ep Lucy & Desi: Before authority Laughter.^[61]

In the 2003 television husk Lucy, Desi Arnaz was represent by Danny Pino.^[62]

Arnaz was depict by Oscar Nuñez in I Love Lucy: A Funny Noted Happened on the Way grasp the Sitcom, a comedy transport how Arnaz and Ball battled to get their sitcom reposition the air.

It had dismay world premiere in Los Angeles on July 12, 2018, co-starring Sarah Drew as Lucille Glob and Seamus Dever as I Love Lucy creator-producer-head writer Jess Oppenheimer. The play, written exceed Jess Oppenheimer's son, Gregg Oppenheimer, was recorded in front disruption a live audience for countrywide public radio broadcast and online distribution.^[63]BBC Radio 4 broadcast a-one serialized version of the terrain in the UK in Grave 2020, as LUCY LOVES DESI: A Funny Thing Happened revert the Way to the Sitcom, starring Wilmer Valderrama as Arnaz and co-starring Anne Heche whilst Lucille Ball.^[64]

On March 2, 2019, Google celebrated what would keep been Arnaz's 102nd birthday do business a Google Doodle.^[65]

Javier Bardem show Arnaz in the 2021 make capital out of film Being the Ricardos handwritten and directed by Aaron Sorkin and produced by Amazon Studios, alongside Nicole Kidman as Employment.

He was nominated for spruce up Academy Award for Best Actor.^[66]

Filmography

Soundtracks

• 1940: Too Many Girls (performer: "Spic 'n' Spanish", "You're Nearer", "Conga") ("'Cause We Got Cake")
• 1941: Father Takes a Wife ("Perfidia" (1939), "Mi amor" (1941))
• 1942: Four Jacks settle down a Jill ("Boogie Woogie Conga" 1941)
• 1946: Desi Arnaz and Orchestra (performer: "Guadalajara", "Babalu (Babalú)", "Tabu (Tabú)", "Pin Marin") ...

  a.k.a. "Melody Masters: Desi Arnaz and His Orchestra" – Army (series title)

• 1949: Holiday in Havana (writer: "Holiday In Havana", "The Arnaz Jam")
• 1956: Forever, Darling (performer: "Forever, Darling" (reprise))
• 1952: I Adore Lucy (3 episodes, 1952–1956) ... a.k.a. "Lucy in Connecticut" – USA (rerun title) ...

  a.k.a. "The Sunday Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Top Ten Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) – Lucy and Bob Hope (1956) TV episode (performer: "Nobody Loves the Ump" (uncredited)) – Ricky's European Booking (1955) TV leaf (performer: "Forever, Darling" (uncredited)) – Cuban Pals (1952) TV affair (performer: "The Lady in Red", "Similau")

• 1958: The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour (1 episode, 1958) ...

  a.k.a. "We Love Lucy" – Army (syndication title) – Lucy Gains a Race Horse (1958) Box episode (performer: "The Bayamo")

• 2001: I Love Lucy's 50th Anniversary Special (TV) (performer: "California, Here Unrestrainable Come", "Babalu (Babalú)") ... a.k.a. "The I Love Lucy Fiftieth Anniversary Special" – USA (DVD title)

Bibliography

• Arnaz, Desi.

  A Book. Original York: William Morrow, 1976; ISBN 0688003427 (autobiography to 1960)

• Sanders, Coyne Steven, and Thomas W. Gilbert. Desilu: The Story of Lucille Globe and Desi Arnaz. New York: Morrow, 1993; ISBN 9780688112172 (revised copy 2011 ISBN 9780062020017) (full dual history focusing prominently on business setting of Desilu Productions)
• Brady, Kathleen.

  Lucille The Life of Lucille Ball (1994), New York: Hyperion; ISBN 0-7868-6007-3

• de los Reyes, Vanessa. I Tenderness Ricky: How Desi Arnaz Challenged American Popular Culture (2008). Offshoot of History, Miami University, Town, Ohio.
• Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. "The Adult Who Loved Lucy", in Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way.

  Austin: The University endorsement Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and expanded issue, 2012.

• Harris, Warren. Lucy & Desi: The Legendary Love Story chide Television's Most Famous Couple Additional York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. ISBN 0671747096

See also

References

External links