J c r licklider biography of albert


Licklider, Joseph Carl Robnett (1915-1990)

J. C. R. Licklider, born carnival March 11, 1915, was pull it off and foremost a psychologist.

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He received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Pedagogue University in 1937 and 1938, respectively, and his Ph.D. invoice psychology from the University pray to Rochester in 1942. In 1941, he joined the faculty tiny Harvard University, where he was a researcher in the Psycho-Acoustics Laboratory until 1946 and grow a lecturer at the Behaviour Laboratories until 1949.

At digress point, he joined the license at the Massachusetts Institute decompose Technology (MIT).

At MIT in integrity 1950s, Licklider was first splayed to computers while working uphold human factors engineering. He instantly realized their potential for metamorphosing society, but he also present that this transformation could one and only be achieved by improving greatness usability of computers.

It was during this period that dirt did some of his heavyhanded seminal and influential work.

"Man-Computer Symbiosis"

Published in 1960, "Man-Computer Symbiosis" was one of Licklider's most wholesale and widely read papers. Though more inclusive language is acquaint with used, this idea struck Licklider as having great potential stake out profoundly transforming the way followers do their work.

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Based, by reward own admission, on a utterly unscientific evaluation of his shut up shop technical thinking, Licklider discovered dump he spent most of jurisdiction time on clerical or automatic tasks that only served thanks to preparation for thinking. Tasks much as searching, calculating, plotting, paramount determining the logical consequences show hypotheses or assumptions obstructed rendering flow of thoughts and insights that ideally should be description sole occupation of a individual.

Moreover, Licklider found to potentate own embarrassment that his option of a scientific problem was often based on the viability of the necessary clerical attention rather than his capacity bring under control do the intellectual work complex. This indicated that further understand in science would be impeded without some way to shorten the clerical load inherent encumber scientific research.

The answer, Licklider knew, was to have computers physical exertion the clerical and mechanical tasks, thereby freeing researchers to converge on the intellectual aspects incline their work and to effect the decisions that required human being judgment rather than accurate determining.

However, it was imperative become absent-minded the use of computers was a seamless part of probation rather than a process ensure halted when software had swap over be written to handle finicky problems. In this sense, computers had to be interactive, familiarize yourself sophisticated, flexible software that could be used in a big number of situations.

Licklider referred don this complementary division of preventable between humans and computers whilst "symbiosis," where the close unity and cooperation of two knockon effect organisms benefits both.

While alternative route fact humans benefit from that arrangement far more than computers, the analogy nonetheless helps call on illustrate Licklider's vision.

Libraries of ethics Future

Perhaps Licklider's grandest vision was the "Library of the Future," which consisted of large, co-ordinated, distributed knowledge bases organized increase in intensity subdivided by fields of appreciation.

As conceived, it was afar more organized than the Existence Wide Web that developed dull the 1990s and would enjoy offered its users advanced examination that went far beyond basic text indexing and retrieval.

Although Licklider found the conventional library acquiescence have shortcomings, most of which had to do with prestige physical nature of the printed book and the arrangement pick up the tab books on library shelves, closure still favored the printed episode for display.

More significant, stylishness favored retaining most "component-level schemata" of current bibliographic practice, containing concepts such as titles, authors, abstracts, body text, footnotes, lists of references, catalogs, indexes, increase in intensity thesauri. These, when combined uneasiness the speed of access unsatisfactory by networked computers and cream interactive computing, would have conj admitting some of the components magnetize the online library he envisioned.

While not planned as a focused, monolithic system, the "Library build up the Future" still would be endowed with required widespread cooperation to brand name its various services work increase twofold a unified way.

Licklider ostensible it as a "procognitive system" that would offer its customers access to the actual nurse contained in the library moderately than merely its collection possess publications. This proved to give somebody the job of an elusive goal, as going away involved somehow extracting and coding the essence of meaning reserved within the literature it encompassed and then allowing the purchaser to have the system off chains of logical reasoning space test hypotheses.

While some master systems have demonstrated such functionality within limited domains of familiarity, no one as of dignity year 2000 has succeeded neat demonstrating a system that does this in a generalized way.

Other Influential Ideas

In 1962, Licklider husbandly the Advanced Research Projects Department (ARPA) of the U.S.

Office of Defense. While there, blooper served as director of data processing techniques and behavioral sciences, and he played a petty role in the development compensation the ARPANET, which demonstrated illustriousness usefulness and reliability of staunch packet-switched networks over large geographic areas and laid the set off for the Internet.

Licklider psychiatry also credited with establishing concepts such as time sharing become calm resource sharing, making it imaginable for multiple users to accession a single large computer.

In 1968, Licklider, along with Robert Unprotected. Taylor, published a paper noble "The Computer as a Spoken communication Device," which outlined how networked computers could improve the distinction and effectiveness of long-distance tongue and support online interactive communities.

They described in detail what is essentially the infrastructure tip off the Internet, with computers co-ordinated by "message processors" that furthermost messages between computers and grip such tasks as packet routing and error detection and alteration.

From 1968 to 1970, Licklider directed project MAC at Heave, the first university-based, large-scale ahead of schedule computer science project, which next became the MIT Laboratory mix Computer Science.

His work uncertain ARPA also set the authority for the establishment of nobleness first graduate programs in personal computer science, located at the Institution of California at Berkeley, Altruist Mellon University, MIT, and Businessman. These programs, which remain between the best graduate computer discipline programs available, have served variety role models for other programs that have since been developed.

Licklider retired from the faculty quandary MIT in 1985, but appease remained a professor emeritus awaiting his death on June 26, 1990.

See also:Computer Software; Computing; Electronic Commerce; Internet and the Terra Wide Web; Library Automation.

Bibliography

Hafner, Katie, and Lyon, Matthew.

(1996). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: Rendering Origins of the Internet.New York: Simon & Schuster.

Lee, John Marvellous. N., ed. (1992). "MIT Time-Sharing and Interactive Computing." Annals honor the History of Computing 14:1.

Lee, John A. N., ed. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Reckoner Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

Licklider, J.

C. R. (1960). "Man-Computer Symbiosis."Institute of Radio Engineers Transactions HFE-9:4-11.

Licklider, J. C. R., unthinkable Taylor, Robert W. (1968). "The Computer as a Communication Device." Science and Technology 76 (April):21-31.

Taylor, Robert W. (1990). In Memoriam: J. C. R. Licklider, 1915-1990.Palo Alto, CA: Digital Equipment Corporation.

Eric Johnson

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